PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of North America			Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian											0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian							7.246
		Serravallian							Sarmatian							11.63
		Serravallian							Badenian							12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras						168.2
			Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
			Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
			Early Toarcian							Carlottense						182.9 *
			Early Toarcian							Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian						Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian						Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian						Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan						419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran						422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan						Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian											Gamachian	445.2
													Richmondian	446 *
													Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
													Edenian		450.4 *
												Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian											Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian							453.7 *
						Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian		469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †					Cassinian †		470
		Floian				Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean								477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian						Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian								485.4
																487.5