PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs		Cambrian of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian									0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian												11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian	Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian											227
				Carnian	Julian											233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian											237
				Ladinian	Fassanian											239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian											242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Midian		264.28
			Wordian		Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian		Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
			Telychian				Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian			438.5	Adavere
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian		443.8
			Katian				Bolindian		445.2
							Eastonian		449 *
							Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian				Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian				Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian				Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian		470
							Bendigonian		471.8 *
							Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian				Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian				Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10							Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian							Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
			Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
			Paibian								Paibian		494
			Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian								Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai		Duyunian		509
Stage 3		Series 2	Nangaoian	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian	521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †		Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran									Vendian †		Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan									1375
																1400