PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127980 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Zones	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15				3.6
					MN 14				4.2
					MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12				7.246
					MN 11				7.75
					MN 10				8.7
					MN 9				9.7
					MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4				15.98
					MN 3				16.9
					MN 2				20
		Aquitanian			MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan			56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						100.5
			Middle Albian						106.2 *
			Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						113
		Aptian	Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian						139.8
			Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
			Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian						174.7
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
			Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian	470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian	Lianghekou †		477.9 *
									485.4