PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian											MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian								MN 16	2.58
							Ruscinian								MN 16	3.1 *
															MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean											MN 15	3.6
															MN 14	4.2
															MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian											MN 12	7.246
															MN 11	7.75
							Vallesian								MN 10	8.7
															MN 9	9.7
															MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian			Astaracian								MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian											MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian											MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian			Orleanian								MN 4	15.98
							Orleanian								MN 3	16.9
							Agenian								MN 2	20
				Aquitanian											MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian											MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian										Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Gashatan			56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian				264.28
			Roadian		Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian	Autunian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian				Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian						Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare				423
			Ludfordian			Paadla				423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
			Telychian			Adavere				434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan		1375
																1400