PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian								7.246
					Vallesian								8.7
					Vallesian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian			Astaracian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian								15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
					Agenian								20
		Aquitanian			Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian											37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Senonian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Gallic							100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan					150
			Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan					152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian				154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan				164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
			Late Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan				176
			Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
			Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Aratauran				188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					Warepan				208.5
			Alaunian									213.2 *
			Lacian									216.7 *
								Otamitan				217
					Oretian			221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Oretian			227
			Tuvalian		Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville		Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
							Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian		254.14
							Puruhauan		254.2
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Barettian		266
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb	266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian		315.2
				Huashibanian			318.5 *
				Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian			330.9
		Visean		Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran				Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8