PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian			Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian			Agenian									20
		Aquitanian			Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
			Late Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian	227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Vokhmian	247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian		Nelsonian			249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
														538.8