PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America		Ordovician of Britain			Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian			Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean			Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian			Turolian									7.246
				Tortonian			Vallesian									8.7
				Serravallian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian			Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian			Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
				Burdigalian			Agenian									20
				Aquitanian			Agenian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian	Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian											227
				Carnian	Julian											233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian		Wordian			264.28
			Roadian		Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian							Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			438.5
						Alexandrian					438.7 *
										Raikkula	439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
			Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian							Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																635