PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Units	Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian			Tertiary †							2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian										3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian										5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian										7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian										8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian										11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian										13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian										15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian										20
		Aquitanian					Agenian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
			Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
			Early Toarcian														182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian	Sevatian														208.5
			Alaunian														213.2 *
			Lacian														216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian														227
		Carnian	Julian														233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian														237
		Ladinian	Fassanian														239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian														242
			Pelsonian														243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein	Longtanian †		Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller			Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Leine			Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Leine			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					266.9	Murgabian
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		Chotec	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *		Daleje/Zlichovian
		Pragian		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian									Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian									Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	477.7								Tulean
			Stairsian								480.3 *
			Skullrockian			Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5									Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean									493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509	Delamaran
		Stage 4												Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran	514
														Montezuman	514.8 *
														Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8