PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					100.5
			Middle Albian					106.2 *
			Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian					139.8
			Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
			Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Late Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian					180.1
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian			358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
								419.2