PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Chibanian						Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian						Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian						Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian						Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian						Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian						Waipipian							3
				Zanclean						Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean						Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian						Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian						Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian						Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian						Lillburnian							13.82
										Clifdenian							15.1
									Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian						Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian						Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian						Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian							23.03
										Duntroonian							25.2
										Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
									Arnold	Runangan							34.6
										Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian						Kaiatan							37.71
				Bartonian						Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian						Bortonian							41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
										Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian						Heretaungan							47.8
										Mangaorapan							48.9
										Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian							56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian				66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
										Mangaotanean							90.5
										Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Arowhanan							93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
										Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Motuan							100.5
					Late Albian					Urutawan							103.3
					Middle Albian					Urutawan							106.2 *
					Middle Albian				Taitai	Korangan							108.4
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian												113
					Late Aptian												117.5
					Early Aptian												119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
				Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan		152.2 *
				Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			Warepan		208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
			Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian		227
				Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
				Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
				Longobardian			Etalian		238
				Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Vokhmian					247.2
			Smithian						248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Griesbachian						251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan				251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Flettian		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Wordian				Barettian		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
			Roadian						Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
							Mangapirian				Cathedralian		276
											Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian			285
							Telfordian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian			393.3
			Pragian		Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian			427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian			429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian										Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
											Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
													Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian										Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
													Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian										Hunneberg			477.7
													Varangu			481.3 *
													Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4									Pakerort
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian				Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau	1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
																	1400