PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Senonian		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Gallic		100.5
			Middle Albian								106.2 *
			Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
			Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
			Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan					150
			Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan					152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Late Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan					176
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran					188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan					208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
						Otamitan					217
						Oretian					221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian					227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
			Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian								237
			Longobardian			Etalian					238
			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian					246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian								247.2
			Smithian								248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian					249
		Induan	Dienerian								251.2
			Griesbachian								251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan					251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan					251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian	Topazan		504.5
								Topazan		505.3
								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Waucoban †	509
							Toyonian			510 *
							Toyonian	Dyeran		511 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3								514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Montezuman				Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Begadean				Atdabanian	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian						529
											538.8