PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian													Lujanian		0.129
															Ensenadan		0.3 *
												Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian					0.774
												Nukumaruan					1.63
															Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean		2.58
															Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
												Waipipian					3
		Zanclean										Waipipian					3.6
												Opoitian			Montehermosan		3.7 *
												Opoitian			Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
															Chasicoan		7.9 *
															Mayoan		9.9 *
															Laventan		10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan					11.63
												Lillburnian					13.05
															Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
												Clifdenian					15.1
												Clifdenian			Friasian		15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
															Santacrucian		16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
												Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
															Deseadan		20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian					23.03
												Duntroonian					25.2
												Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian													Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
											Arnold	Runangan					34.6
												Runangan			Divisaderan		35.9 *
												Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan					37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
															Mustersan		41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
												Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
															Casamayoran		47.9 *
												Mangaorapan					48.9
												Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian			Riochican		56
															Itaboraian		56.9 *
															Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian													Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Motuan		100.5
			Late Albian		Urutawan		103.3
			Middle Albian		Urutawan		106.2 *
			Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian				113
			Late Aptian				117.5
			Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian				139.8
			Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
			Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Late Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					Warepan		208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian							216.7 *
								Otamitan		217
								Oretian		221
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Oretian		227
			Tuvalian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
			Longobardian					Etalian		238
			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian							243.8 *
			Bithynian							244.7 *
			Aegean							245.5 *
			Aegean					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Smithian			248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian		285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			Gleedonian	427.4
				Jaagarahu			Gleedonian	429.2 *
							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani				433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			489.5
													Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian									Paibian			494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Waucoban †					Delamaran	Caerfai	Duyunian		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		Nangaoian		514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8