PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127969 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Units	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6			0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian					2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian					7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian					8.7
		Serravallian							Astaracian		Cenozoic 5			11.63
		Langhian							Astaracian					13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian					15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian					20
		Aquitanian							Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Cenozoic 4			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Bartonian									Cenozoic 3			37.71
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Ypresian									Cenozoic 2			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1			56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								Cretaceous 4			100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan					Jurassic 6			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5			149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian		Kawhia	Ohauan								150
			Early Kimmeridgian			Ohauan								152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian			Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
			Late Bajocian					Humphresianum						168.4
			Early Bajocian					Humphresianum						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan		Thouarsense						176
														180.1
			Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
			Early Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Jurassic 2	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			Warepan					208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
						Otamitan					217
						Oretian					221
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Oretian				Triassic 3	227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan					227.5
			Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							Triassic 2	237
			Longobardian			Etalian					238
			Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						Triassic 1	247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian				249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan				251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan			Melekhovian	Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian					253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan					254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian					259.51
		Wordian									264.28
									Noginskian		264.9 *
						Barettian					266
		Roadian								Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Permian 2	273.01
						Mangapirian					276
									Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian									283.5
						Telfordian					285
						Telfordian			Rusavkinian		287.6 *
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian								Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian		303.7
									Khamovnikian		304.8
									Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian							Myachkovian	Carboniferous 4	307
									Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
		Visean		Venevian				Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
				Kizelian				350.7 *
				Cherepetian				351.9 *
				Karakubian				354.4 *
				Upinian				356.3 *
				Malevkian				357.6 *
				Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian	468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
														538.8