PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian				Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene				0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian								Late Pliocene				2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian								Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean				Waipipian								Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian								Early Pliocene				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan												7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan								Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian								Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan								Middle Eocene		MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian										MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan								Early Eocene		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian								Late Paleocene		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan												83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
						Mangaotanean												90.5
						Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan												93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
						Motuan												99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Motuan												100.5
			Late Albian			Urutawan												103.3
			Middle Albian			Urutawan												106.2 *
			Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan												108.4
			Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian															113
			Late Aptian															117.5
			Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
				Dobrotivian					458.5 *
				Oretanian					459.7 *
					Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian					470
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian		Paibian											494
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
									Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian					Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian		Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian		Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian							509
			Toyonian								Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
			Botomian								Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	Nangaoian							Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	Nangaoian							Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian	Tommotian							Tommotian		521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									Manykaian †	530.7
																		538.8