PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of North America	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran								Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian				0.129
		Chibanian				Castlecliffian					Ionian				0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian									3
		Zanclean				Waipipian									3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan								Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian									13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian									15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								Cenozoic 4	23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Cenozoic 3	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian								Cenozoic 2	41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan									47.8
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian								Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian								Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Haumurian								Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan								Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
						Mangaotanean									90.5
						Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Arowhanan								Cretaceous 5	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
						Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Motuan								Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Late Albian			Urutawan									103.3
			Middle Albian			Urutawan									106.2 *
			Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan									108.4
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											Cretaceous 3	113
			Late Aptian												117.5
			Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian				139.8
			Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
			Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian					Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian					Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian					Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	Carboniferous 2		330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	Carboniferous 1		346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	Ordovician 5		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian			Bolindian		Bohdalec †	445.2
				Kralodvorian			Eastonian			449 *
				Berounian			Eastonian			449.7 *
							Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3		Darriwilian					458.4
				Dobrotivian								458.5 *
				Oretanian								459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †		Ordovician 2		Yapeenian			467.3
				Arenigian					Yapeenian			468
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian			470
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1		Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Cambrian 5					485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian			Albertian †					Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian		Marjumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan								Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4		Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				Cambrian 2				514
				Montezuman								514.8 *
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1				529
															538.8