PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian														113
				Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
					Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
					Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian	Sevatian														208.5
					Alaunian														213.2 *
					Lacian														216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian														227
				Carnian	Julian														233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian														237
				Ladinian	Fassanian														239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian														242
					Pelsonian														243.8 *
					Bithynian														244.7 *
					Aegean														245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian														247.2
				Olenekian	Smithian														248.9 *
				Induan	Dienerian														251.2
				Induan	Griesbachian														251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Dorashamian			251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Dzhulfian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian												Midian			259.51
				Wordian												Midian			264.28
				Wordian												Murgabian			266.2 *
				Roadian												Murgabian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												Kubergandian			273.01
				Kungurian												Bolorian			279.8
				Artinskian												Bolorian			283.5
				Artinskian												Yakhtashian			286
				Sakmarian												Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian												Asselian			293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian					Mapingian †							298.9
				Kasimovian								Mapingian †							303.7
				Kasimovian				305.9
				Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
				Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
				Pragian				407.6
				Lochkovian				410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
			Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
			Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
				Aeronian				438.5
				Rhuddanian				440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
				Katian					Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
						Eastonian			Pirgu	449 *
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu			Gisbornian		452 *
				Sandbian		Keila				Idavere †	453
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku			Darriwilian		458.4
						Lasnamagi					458.9 *
						Aseri					460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
				Dapingian					Yapeenian			467.3
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
								Billingen	Castlemainian			469.3 *
			Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian			470
									Chewtonian	Latorp †		470.1 *
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
				Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
									Warendian			482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
										Festiniogian				489.2 *
			Jiangshanian							Festiniogian		Jiangshanian		489.5
			Jiangshanian							Maentwrogian		Jiangshanian		493.1 *
			Paibian									Paibian		494
			Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian									Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai			Duyunian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3									Nangaoian		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian		521
Fortunian			529									Meishucunian
Fortunian			Jinnigian									530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †		Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †		Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian					Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau										1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian										1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian										1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan										1375
																			1400