PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Chibanian						Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian						Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian						Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian						Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian						Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian						Waipipian							3
				Zanclean						Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean						Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian						Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian						Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian						Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian						Lillburnian							13.82
										Clifdenian							15.1
									Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian						Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian						Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian						Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian							23.03
										Duntroonian							25.2
										Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
									Arnold	Runangan							34.6
										Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian						Kaiatan							37.71
				Bartonian						Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian						Bortonian							41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
										Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian						Heretaungan							47.8
										Mangaorapan							48.9
										Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian							56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian				66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
										Mangaotanean							90.5
										Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Arowhanan							93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
										Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Motuan							100.5
					Late Albian					Urutawan							103.3
					Middle Albian					Urutawan							106.2 *
					Middle Albian				Taitai	Korangan							108.4
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian												113
					Late Aptian												117.5
					Early Aptian												119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian			227
			Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian			283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian			290.1
			Asselian					Nealian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju						Porkuni	443.8
			Katian									Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala							Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
						Oandu							452 *
			Sandbian			Keila						Idavere †	453
						Haljala							453.9
						Kukruse							456.4 *
						Uhaku						Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku							458.4
						Lasnamagi							458.9 *
						Aseri							460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
						Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov								467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg								473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg								477.7
						Varangu								481.3 *
						Pakerort								482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort								485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †					Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran							Vendian †					Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000								Karatau
		Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
																	1400