PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of the Baltic	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian									MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									MN 16		2.58
				Piacenzian									MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean									MN 15		3.6
													MN 14		4.2
													MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian									MN 13		5.333
				Tortonian									MN 12		7.246
													MN 11		7.75
													MN 10		8.7
													MN 9		9.7
													MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian									MN 7 + 8		11.63
				Serravallian									MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian									MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian									MN 4		15.98
													MN 3		16.9
													MN 2		20
				Aquitanian									MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian									MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian											47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian										113
				Aptian	Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian										168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian										168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian		300 *
			Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Lousuan		321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian		Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean		Shangsian		330.9
			Visean		Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
			Telychian			Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
			Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
Aksaian				490.7 *
Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian	494
			Paibian	Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
															635