PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Britain	Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian												Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Cenozoic 4	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Cenozoic 4	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Cenozoic 3	33.9
				Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Cenozoic 3	37.71
				Lutetian												Cenozoic 2	41.2
				Ypresian							Bumbanian					Cenozoic 2	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan						Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											Cretaceous 4	100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											Cretaceous 3	113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											Cretaceous 1	132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											Jurassic 5	149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras					168.2
					Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
					Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
												Planulata					179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
					Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
												Kanense					181.3 *
												Carlottense					182.3 *
					Early Toarcian							Carlottense					182.9 *
					Early Toarcian							Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae				Jurassic 2	184.2
												Freboldi					185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
							189.2 *						Tetraspidoceras
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras							Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
Pseudaetomoceras									Psiloceras			196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites												196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3			227
			Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian								239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian								242
				Pelsonian								243.8 *
				Bithynian								244.7 *
				Aegean								245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1			247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian								248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian								251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian							251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian						Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian						Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian						Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill				Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan			445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc				Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian									Ordovician 4		453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		458.4
			Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		461.3 *
			Dapingian				Ordovician 2			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian			Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470					Fennian
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	Ordovician 1	477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
								485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian				Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3	509
		Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †					538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †					571.7 *
																	635