PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6					0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian							Cenozoic 5					11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3					33.9
				Bartonian							Cenozoic 3					37.71
				Lutetian							Cenozoic 2					41.2
				Ypresian							Cenozoic 2					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1					56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8					66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Cretaceous 7					72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6					83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Cretaceous 4					100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3					113
				Aptian	Early Aptian						Cretaceous 3					119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						Cretaceous 2					121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2					125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						Cretaceous 1					132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6					145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5					149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						Jurassic 4					165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Jurassic 3					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2					184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						Jurassic 1					192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						Jurassic 1					199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4					201.4
				Norian	Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian						Triassic 3					227
				Carnian	Julian						Triassic 3					233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian		Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4			Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian			Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5				Kosovian	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4						453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3								458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
Sarka †											461.7 *
Dapingian			Ordovician 2			Klabava †					467.3
Dapingian										Arenigian	468
Early Ordovician		Floian								Arenigian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635