PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of North America			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian												Sheridanian					0.129
				Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
				Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
				Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
																late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
																	Monroecreekian				23.1 *
																	Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian													Geringian				27.82
				Rupelian																	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian																	37
				Bartonian																	37.71
				Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
																Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
																		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
				Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
				Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
				Selandian														To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian														To3/To2/To1			61.6
				Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian																100.5
					Middle Albian																106.2 *
					Early Albian																109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian																113
				Aptian	Early Aptian																119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian																139.8
					Middle Berriasian																140.6 *
					Early Berriasian																142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian															145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian															146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian																152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian															154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian															157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian																165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
			Wuchiapingian		Zechstein		254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Zechstein		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian			Severodvinian	Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian			Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
							Hessian			Saraninian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
									Irginian		285.9 *
					Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		Irginian		286.1 *
									Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian				Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
									Surenian		297.5
									Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel		298.9
											Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian										Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian			Cantabrian	307
											Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
													Westphalian C	309.8
													Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian			Westphalian B	315.2
													Westphalian A	317 *
											Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
													Marsdenian	320.2 *
													Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
													Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian							323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian				Late Mississippian			323.2
						Arnsbergian							324 *
						Pendleian							327.4 *
			Visean			Middle Mississippian				Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
										Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
										Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				Hastarian			353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian												407.6
			Lochkovian												410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli												Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli												Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian													423
		Ludlow	Gorstian													425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian													Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian														430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian													Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian														438.5
																	Alexandrian	438.7 *
														Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
																		440.7 *
Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
		Katian												445.2
		Sandbian												453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635