PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Precambrian of Russia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran									Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
																		Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
																		Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian										2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian										3
				Zanclean					Waipipian										3.6
									Opoitian										3.7
									Opoitian									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian															7.246
																		Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian															11.63
																		Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian										13.82
									Clifdenian										15.1
								Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian										23.03
									Duntroonian										25.2
									Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian															27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan										34.6
									Kaiatan										36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian															37.71
									Bortonian										39.1
																		Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian															41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
									Heretaungan										45.7
																		Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian															47.8
									Mangaorapan										48.9
									Mangaorapan									Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan									Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan									Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian									Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian														Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Late Albian		Urutawan		103.3
				Middle Albian		Urutawan		106.2 *
				Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan		108.4
				Early Albian				109.9 *
			Aptian	Late Aptian				113
				Late Aptian				117.5
				Early Aptian				119.5 *
			Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian	Late Berriasian				139.8
				Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
				Early Berriasian				142.7 *
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					227
			Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian						Wordian	264.28
			Roadian						Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian			283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju			Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian								449.3 *
					Vormsi						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere							450.6 *
								Rakvere				Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu				Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu				Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian					Keila						Idavere †	453
								Keila					Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala					Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Kukruse								456.4 *
												Aurelucian				456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Uhaku					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
								Lasnamagi								458.9 *
								Aseri								460.4 *
								Aseri				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
					Oeland			Kunda								462.9 *
								Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian														467.3
											Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
								Billingen									469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian														470
Latorp †														470.1 *
												Whitlandian		471.1 *
								Hunneberg				Whitlandian		473.7 *
												Moridunian		474.3 *
			Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
												Cressagian		480.8 *
								Varangu						481.3 *
								Pakerort						482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
																486.3 *
							486.5
							Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian		Albertian †					497
		Drumian					Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran		Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4					Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran							514
							Montezuman							514.8 *
							Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian								538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
																			1400