PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene							Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †			Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene						Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene						Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene								15.98
															Hemingfordian		16.3
															Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				27.82
															Whitneyan		29.5
															Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian							Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene					Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
															Wasatchian		50.5
															Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian							Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian							Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian							Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Gallic												100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
							Planulata	179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
							Kanense			181.3 *
							Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian				Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian				Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Kunae			184.2
							Freboldi			185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian								227
		Carnian	Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian								237
		Ladinian	Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian								244.7 *
			Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian								247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian								251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian								251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan						445.2
					Cautleyan						448.9 *
					Pusgillian						449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan							451.5 *
					Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †	455.2 *
					Aurelucian		Longvillian †	456.8 *
					Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian					470
					Whitlandian					471.1 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian					480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †							497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				504.5
																	509