PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian											Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian											Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †				Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean											Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
													Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian											Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian											Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian											Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian											Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian											Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian		Gallic												100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian												Kawhia	Ohauan	150
			Early Kimmeridgian													Ohauan	152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian													Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Late Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Oretian	227
			Tuvalian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Longobardian				Etalian	238
			Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
			Aegean				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Smithian					248.9 *
			Smithian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Griesbachian					251.4 *
			Griesbachian			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Flettian	264.28
		Wordian						Barettian	266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Bolindian	445.2
										Eastonian	449 *
										Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian								Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian								Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian								Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian	470
										Bendigonian	471.8 *
										Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian								Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian								Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †						504.5
																	509