PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of North America		European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene				MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene				MN 15	3.6
											MN 14	4.2
											MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian							MN 12	7.246
											MN 11	7.75
											MN 10	8.7
											MN 9	9.7
											MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian							MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian							MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene				MN 4	15.98
											MN 3	16.9
											MN 2	20
				Aquitanian							MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian							MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							100.5
					Middle Albian							106.2 *
					Early Albian							109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian							113
				Aptian	Early Aptian							119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
					Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
					Early Berriasian							142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
					Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
					Early Toarcian							182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes			259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
			Telychian				Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
							Payntonian		486.8 *
							Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian				Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian				Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian				Idamean		Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian				Boomerangian			499
			Drumian				Undillan			500.5
			Drumian				Floran			503
			Wuliuan				Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
							Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
							Ordian			507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian		Waucoban †	509
										510.8 *
								Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3					Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan					1375
												1400