PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of Western Europe			Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian									113
				Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian	Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian									227
				Carnian	Julian									233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian									237
				Ladinian	Fassanian									239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian									242
					Pelsonian									243.8 *
					Bithynian									244.7 *
					Aegean									245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian									247.2
				Olenekian	Smithian									248.9 *
				Induan	Dienerian									251.2
				Induan	Griesbachian									251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian									Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian										264.28
				Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Artinskian									Autunian	283.5
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian										293.52
				Asselian					Kuzel					297.7
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel					298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C				300.3 *
										Stephanian B				300.9 *
										Stephanian A				301.4 *
Kasimovian				303.7						Stephanian A
Kasimovian				Cantabrian			305 *
Moscovian				Cantabrian			307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		Rootsikula	427.4
						Gleedonian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
						Whitwellian			429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
	Dapingian		Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian		470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †			477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian						489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian						489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian						493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids								497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400