PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America						Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian												Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Cenozoic 4	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							Cenozoic 4	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Cenozoic 3	33.9
				Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Cenozoic 3	37.71
				Lutetian												Cenozoic 2	41.2
				Ypresian					Bumbanian							Cenozoic 2	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan								Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											Cretaceous 4	100.5
					Middle Albian												106.2 *
					Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											Cretaceous 3	113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											Cretaceous 1	132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
					Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
					Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										Jurassic 6	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											Jurassic 5	149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian												168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian												168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian												174.7
					Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
					Early Toarcian												182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											Jurassic 2	184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											Jurassic 1	192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											Jurassic 1	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												Triassic 4	201.4
				Norian	Sevatian												208.5
					Alaunian												213.2 *
					Lacian												216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian											Triassic 3	227
				Carnian	Julian											Triassic 3	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		Vokhmian			247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2						273.01
			Artinskian							Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5						298.9
			Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5						303.7
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			323.2
			Visean		Carboniferous 2			330.9
			Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
			Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian		Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian			Gamachian					445.2
						Richmondian					446 *
						Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian						450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian		Ordovician 4				453
						Turinian						453.7 *
					Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3					458.4
			Dapingian					Ordovician 2					467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian							469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean		Ordovician 1						477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian							Cambrian 5	485.4
			Stage 10											487.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Cambrian 4	497
			Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian												500.5
			Wuliuan										Cambrian 3		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Cambrian 3	Branchian	509
Stage 3			Cambrian 2	514										Branchian
Stage 3				Placentian									517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2											521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian					Karatau								800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau								1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan			1375
																	1400