PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6			0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian								0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian								0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan								0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan								0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean								2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan								3.6
										Montehermosan								3.7 *
										Huayquerian								4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
										Chasicoan								7.9 *
										Mayoan								9.9 *
										Laventan								10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan					Cenozoic 5			11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran								13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran								13.82
				Langhian						Friasian								15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian								15.98
										Santacrucian								16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian								20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan								20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4			23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican								28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican					Cenozoic 3			33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan								35.9 *
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian											Cenozoic 2			41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan								41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan								47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran								47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican					Cenozoic 1			56
										Itaboraian								56.9 *
										Peligran								58.9 *
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan								62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8			66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Cretaceous 7			72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Cretaceous 6			83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Cretaceous 4			100.5
					Middle Albian													106.2 *
					Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian										Cretaceous 3			113
				Aptian	Early Aptian										Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										Cretaceous 2			121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2			125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										Cretaceous 1			132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
					Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
					Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6			145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5			149.2
Early Kimmeridgian				Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian			Leine		264.28
			Roadian				Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian				Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian				Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
			Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian				Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean				Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian				Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5					Kosovian	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4							453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3									458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian		Ordovician 2						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian							Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1					Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Cambrian 5					485.4
			Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian												Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian					Albertian †					Cambrian 4	497
			Guzhangian													Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian														500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan	Cambrian 3	504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran		Branchian					Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4	Dyeran												511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran	Cambrian 2		514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Montezuman		Placentian	517.1
			Begadean			519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2				521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian											538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian				Karatau											800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau											1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian											1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian											1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan											1375
																		1400