PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
							Monroecreekian			23.1 *
							Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian			27.82
									Whitneyan	29.5
									Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian		489.5
				Aksaian		490.7 *
				Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
				Toyonian		510 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian		514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
										525.5