PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128255 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian					MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
							MN 14				4.2
							MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12				7.246
							MN 11				7.75
							MN 10				8.7
							MN 9				9.7
							MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
							MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
							MN 2				20
		Aquitanian					MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								100.5
			Middle Albian								106.2 *
			Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
			Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
			Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
				Aksaian					490.7 *
				Sakian					492.2 *
								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian			Topazan		504.5
							Topazan		505.3
							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian					510 *
				Toyonian			Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3							514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
				Atdabanian			Montezuman		515.6 *
				Atdabanian			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		525.5
		Fortunian		529
											538.8