PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain	South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian		Lujanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean						0.129
											Irvingtonian						0.21
														Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
											Blancan						1.4
														Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Yushean		Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean												Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
											Hemphillian			Montehermosan			4.7
												Baodean		Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
											Clarendonian			Chasicoan			9.4
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
												Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
											Barstovian					Sarmatian	12.5
																Badenian	12.8 *
														Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian										Shanwangian		Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian												Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
											Hemingfordian						16.3
												Xiejiaan					16.9
														Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
											Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
														Tinguirirican			28.9 *
											Whitneyan						29.5
											Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian						33.9
											Chadronian			Divisaderan			35.9 *
											Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
														Mustersan			41.9 *
											Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
														Casamayoran			47.9 *
											Wasatchian						50.5
											Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian			Riochican			56
											Tiffanian			Riochican			56.2
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian															61.6
			Tiupampan	62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			100.5
			Middle Albian			106.2 *
			Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian						180.1
			Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian						227
		Carnian	Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian	Datsonian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Payntonian		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	486.8 *
								Festiniogian		Payntonian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
								Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian								Idamean		494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	Idamean		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Mindyallan	St Davids		497
					Ayusokkanian			Boomerangian			499
					Mayan/Menevian			Boomerangian			499.5
		Drumian						Undillan			500.5
		Drumian						Floran			503
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Templetonian			504.5
		Wuliuan						Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †					510 *
					Toyonian						510.8 *
					Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian						514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian						521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
																	538.8