PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Australia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian		3
		Zanclean											Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian		41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan		47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian		56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean		90.5
													Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
													Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Motuan		100.5
			Late Albian										Urutawan		103.3
			Middle Albian										Urutawan		106.2 *
			Middle Albian									Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
			Late Aptian												117.5
			Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean								Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian								Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										Emsian	393.3
		Pragian										Siegen	407.6
		Pragian								Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian	489.5
		Paibian		Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan	497
				Mindyallan	Arcadian								498.4
				Boomerangian									499
		Drumian		Undillan									500.5
		Drumian		Floran									503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian									504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian									507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian	Branchian								509
		Stage 4											510.8 *
		Stage 3											514
		Stage 3			Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8