PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of the Salt Range	Silurian of England		Silurian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian																		100.5
			Middle Albian																		106.2 *
			Early Albian																		109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian																		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian																		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																		139.8
			Middle Berriasian																		140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan			145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian																	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian																		149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian														Kawhia	Ohauan			150
			Early Kimmeridgian															Ohauan			152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian															Heterian			154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian																	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															Temaikan			164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian																		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian																		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian																		174.7
			Late Toarcian														Herangi	Ururoan			176
			Middle Toarcian																		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian																		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian															Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian															Warepan			208.5
			Alaunian																		213.2 *
			Lacian																		216.7 *
																		Otamitan			217
																		Oretian			221
		Carnian	Tuvalian															Oretian			227
			Tuvalian														Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
			Julian																		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian																		237
			Longobardian															Etalian			238
			Fassanian																		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian																		242
			Pelsonian																		243.8 *
			Bithynian																		244.7 *
			Aegean																		245.5 *
			Aegean															Malakovian			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian																		247.2
			Smithian																		248.9 *
			Smithian															Nelsonian			249
		Induan	Dienerian																		251.2
			Griesbachian																		251.4 *
			Griesbachian									Kathwai					DUrville	Makarewan			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										Kathwai							Buntsandstein		251.902
																					252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
						Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
						Puruhauan	254.2
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian			Leine	264.28
										265.3 *
								Barettian		266
					Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	Roadian				266.9
		Roadian				Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
										Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
								Telfordian			285
						Wolfcampian		Telfordian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle							Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
											Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
											Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian		Wych							Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian												436.3 *
		Aeronian												438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park											439.3 *
												Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
															440.7 *
		Rhuddanian													440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian								Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian										Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang											Kralodvorian		449.5
															Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian															453
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
																Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian								Guniu †/Hulo							458.4
															Dobrotivian				458.5 *
			Oretanian												459.7 *
															Sarka †			461.7 *
												Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian											Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian	Dapingian														468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian	Yiyangian														470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Tremadocian														477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian	Tremadocian										Lianghekou †				477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian									Albertian †	497
		Drumian			500.5				Marjumian
		Wuliuan			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran				Waucoban †									509
		Stage 4			Dyeran													511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran													514
					Montezuman													514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																					538.8