PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian							3
		Zanclean											Waipipian							3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan							7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan							11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian							13.82
													Clifdenian							15.1
												Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian							15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
													Duntroonian							25.2
													Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan							34.6
													Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian							41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
													Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan						Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan							48.9
													Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian					Gashatan		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																	89.8
													Mangaotanean							90.5
													Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Arowhanan							93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
													Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Motuan							100.5
			Late Albian										Urutawan							103.3
			Middle Albian										Urutawan							106.2 *
			Middle Albian									Taitai	Korangan							108.4
			Early Albian																	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian																	113
			Late Aptian																	117.5
			Early Aptian																	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
				Kralodvorian					Vormsi	449.6 *
				Berounian					Vormsi	449.7 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru				Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Haljala		Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse				456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †			457.5 *
								Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
				Dobrotivian									458.5 *
				Dobrotivian					Lasnamagi				458.9 *
				Oretanian					Lasnamagi				459.7 *
									Aseri				460.4 *
								Sarka †	Aseri				461.7 *
					Oeland				Kunda				462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
									Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †						467.3
				Arenigian										468
									Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
			Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Hunneberg	Tremadocian					477.7
			Varangu						481.3 *
			Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
																Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran		514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
															Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																				538.8