PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				European Faunal Units	Cambrian of China	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of North America						Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian																	Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian																	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian																	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian																	Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian													2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian													3.1 *
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean																	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian													5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian													7.246
									Vallesian													8.7
									Vallesian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian							Astaracian		Cenozoic 5								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian																	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian													15.98
																			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
																			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
									Agenian													20
		Aquitanian							Agenian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4											23.03
																				Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																				Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian																		Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian																				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian																				37
		Bartonian																				37.71
		Bartonian																	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian									Cenozoic 2								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian																	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian																	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian																			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian																			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian																			To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian																			To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian																			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8							Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Cretaceous 7							Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian								Cretaceous 4											100.5
			Middle Albian																			106.2 *
			Early Albian																			109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian								Cretaceous 3											113
		Aptian	Early Aptian								Cretaceous 3											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian																			139.8
			Middle Berriasian																			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian																			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Jurassic 6											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni		Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
		Katian				Pirgu				Gamachian		445.2
				Richmondian		Pirgu				446 *
				Richmondian		Vormsi				449.6 *
				Maysvillian		Vormsi				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
				Maysvillian		Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
				Edenian		Nabala							450.4 *
				Edenian	Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
				Mohawkian		Rakvere			Chatfieldian				451.1 *
						Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †				Ordovician 4	453
						Keila			Turinian				453.7 *
						Haljala							453.9
						Kukruse							456.4 *
				Whiterockian		Kukruse				Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †						457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku						Ordovician 3		458.4
						Lasnamagi								458.9 *
						Aseri								460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum						464.3 *
						Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Ordovician 2			467.3
									Rangerian						469.1 *
						Billingen			Rangerian						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
								Latorp †								470.1 *
						Hunneberg										473.7 *
									Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean			477.7
									Stairsian			480.3 *
						Varangu			Stairsian			481.3 *
						Varangu			Skullrockian			Demingian †			482 *
						Pakerort						Demingian †			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		Cambrian 5					485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian						Paibian									494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian							494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4					497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian				Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian				Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3						Nangaoian				Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian				Cambrian 2					521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian				Cambrian 1					529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian				Cambrian 1					530.7
																						538.8