PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of China			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian												Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian												Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian										MP 16		Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian										MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian													113
		Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
			Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian	Sevatian													208.5
			Alaunian													213.2 *
			Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian													227
		Carnian	Julian													233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian													237
		Ladinian	Fassanian													239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian													242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Pirgu	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
						Vormsi						449.6 *
						Vormsi				Berounian		449.7 *
						Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere	450.6 *
					Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian			Keila	Idavere †						453
					Haljala							453.9
					Haljala							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Kukruse									456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †								457.5 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
					Lasnamagi					Dobrotivian				458.9 *
					Lasnamagi					Oretanian				459.7 *
					Aseri									460.4 *
					Aseri						Sarka †			461.7 *
				Oeland	Kunda									462.9 *
						Valaste †/Hunderum								464.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
					Volkhov									Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
										Arenigian					468
					Billingen										469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian								470
						Latorp †									470.1 *
					Hunneberg										473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Tremadocian					477.7
									Lianghekou †						477.9 *
					Varangu										481.3 *
			Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort							485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								486.3 *
																486.5