PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of North America		Ordovician of Britain				Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Yushean	2.58
				Zanclean															Yushean	3.6
				Zanclean															Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian															Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian														Cenozoic 5	Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian															Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian															Shanwangian	15.98
				Burdigalian															Xiejiaan	16.9
				Aquitanian															Xiejiaan	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Cenozoic 4		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														Cenozoic 4		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														Cenozoic 3		33.9
				Bartonian														Cenozoic 3		37.71
				Lutetian														Cenozoic 2		41.2
				Ypresian														Cenozoic 2		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Cenozoic 1		56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian															106.2 *
					Early Albian															109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian													Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian	Early Aptian													Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian															139.8
					Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
					Early Berriasian															142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													Jurassic 5		149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian															168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian															168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian															174.7
					Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
					Early Toarcian															182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													Jurassic 2		184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													Jurassic 1		192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													Jurassic 1		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														Triassic 4		201.4
				Norian	Sevatian															208.5
					Alaunian															213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	Triassic 3		227
Carnian				Julian	Triassic 3		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian	264.28
			Roadian		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	Permian 2	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †				Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †					303.7
			Kasimovian							305.9
			Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
			Emsian						Early Emsian	Devonian 2	398.3 *
			Pragian						Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
									Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju				Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu		Rawtheyan		445.2
												Cautleyan		448.9 *
												Pusgillian		449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
						Viru				Rakvere						450.6 *
										Rakvere		Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Oandu		Cheneyan				452 *
										Oandu		Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian							Keila			Idavere †		Ordovician 4	453
										Keila				Actonian †		453.2 *
										Haljala				Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Kukruse							456.4 *
												Aurelucian					456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
										Uhaku			Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		458.4
Lasnamagi				458.9 *
Aseri				460.4 *
Aseri				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
Oeland						Kunda				462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian										Ordovician 2		467.3
				Arenig							Fennian				468.4 *
						Billingen									469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
										Latorp †					470.1 *
							Whitlandian	471.1 *
						Hunneberg	Whitlandian	473.7 *
					Moridunian		474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian		Ordovician 1	477.7
					Cressagian			480.8 *
						Varangu		481.3 *
						Pakerort		482.2 *
								485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5		485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Cambrian 4		497
			Drumian					Cambrian 4		500.5
			Wuliuan					Cambrian 3		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3		509
		Series 2	Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †		Poundian †				538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †		Wonokan †				571.7 *
																				635