PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America						Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian															100.5
			Middle Albian															106.2 *
			Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian															113
		Aptian	Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian															139.8
			Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
			Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras								168.2
			Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
			Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
										Planulata								179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
										Kanense								181.3 *
										Carlottense								182.3 *
			Early Toarcian							Carlottense								182.9 *
			Early Toarcian							Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Kunae								184.2
										Freboldi								185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian															192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian	Sevatian															208.5
			Alaunian															213.2 *
			Lacian															216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian															227
		Carnian	Julian															233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian															237
		Ladinian	Fassanian															239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian															242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju			Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian				443.8
		Katian					Pirgu		Gamachian				445.2
							Pirgu		Richmondian				446 *
							Vormsi		Richmondian				449.6 *
							Vormsi		Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Nabala		Maysvillian					Johvi †	450 *
							Nabala		Edenian						450.4 *
				Viru			Rakvere		Edenian		450.6 *
							Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian					Keila			Idavere †	453
							Keila		Turinian		453.7 *
							Haljala				453.9
							Kukruse				456.4 *
							Kukruse	Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku						458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
									Rangerian					469.1 *
							Billingen		Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †		470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
							Hunneberg							473.7 *
								Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean						477.7
					Stairsian			480.3 *
					Stairsian		Varangu	481.3 *
					Skullrockian		Varangu	Demingian †				482 *
							Pakerort	Demingian †				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort					485.4
												486.3 *
						486.5
																		487.5