PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Calabrian													Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Gelasian											MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian											MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
				Zanclean											MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
															MN 14				4.2
															MN 13			Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian											MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian											MN 12				7.246
															MN 11				7.75
															MN 10				8.7
															MN 9				9.7
															MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian											MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
				Serravallian											MN 6				12.8 *
				Langhian											MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian											MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
															MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
															MN 2				20
				Aquitanian											MN 2				20.44
				Aquitanian											MN 1				22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													Early Oligocene		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene		33.9
				Bartonian													Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian													Middle Eocene		41.2
				Ypresian													Early Eocene		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene		56
				Selandian													Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian													Early Paleocene		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian														113
				Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
					Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
					Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian		Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian		Kuhfengian		Leine	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian			273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian			283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian			285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian			290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian			298.9
			Gzhelian					300.1
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian											489.5
													Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian								Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3									Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635