PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian Epochs				European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian													MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian													MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean													MN 15	3.6
																	MN 14	4.2
																	MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian													MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian					Pannonian								MN 12	7.246
																	MN 11	7.75
																	MN 10	8.7
																	MN 9	9.7
																	MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian					Sarmatian								MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian					Badenian								MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian													MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian													MN 4	15.98
																	MN 3	16.9
																	MN 2	20
				Aquitanian													MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian													MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian													100.5
					Middle Albian													106.2 *
					Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian													113
				Aptian	Early Aptian													119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
					Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
					Early Berriasian													142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
					Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
					Early Toarcian													182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
							Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych		Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
							436.3 *
			Aeronian				438.5
					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
							Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian		485.4
			Stage 10							Niuchehean				487.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian							Paibian				494
Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Paibian	494.9 *						Paibian
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †						Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †							500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian								504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian							Early Cambrian	509
Series 2		Stage 3	Nangaoian								514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian								530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635