PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8			Senonian							66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Cretaceous 4			Gallic							100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian				Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian				Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2			Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian														168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian														168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian														174.7
			Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
			Early Toarcian														182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1										192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian	Sevatian														208.5
			Alaunian														213.2 *
			Lacian														216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3										227
		Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian				Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Permian 3	Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
							Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
							Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
								Yakhtashian	286
						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		Nealian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian									315.2
									Huashibanian		318.5 *
									Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3				Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3				Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean			Carboniferous 2				Shangsian		330.9
		Visean			Carboniferous 2				Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Silurian 2	Cayugan	419.2
										Bringewood/Elton		Cayugan	421.3
										Bringewood/Elton		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas					Lockportian			427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope					Lockportian			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1	Ontarian		433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park										439.3 *
											Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
														440.7 *
		Rhuddanian												440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ordovician 5	Bolindian				443.8
		Katian									Bolindian				445.2
											Eastonian				449 *
											Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian								Ordovician 4	Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Ordovician 3	Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian								Ordovician 2	Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian									Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian				470
											Bendigonian				471.8 *
											Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian								Ordovician 1	Lancefieldian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian								Ordovician 1	Warendian				Ungurian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Batyrbaian				485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian				489.5
											Aksaian				490.7 *
											Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian									Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Ayusokkanian				497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
											Toyonian				510 *
											Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514					Botomian
		Stage 3				Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian	521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8