PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
							Hemingfordian										16.3
							Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
							Whitneyan										29.5
							Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian										47.8
							Wasatchian										50.5
							Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian					Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian														100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian														113
		Aptian	Early Aptian														119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Bolindian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Eastonian	Kralodvorian		449 *
										Eastonian	Berounian		449.7 *
				Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian										458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
										Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian						Klabava †				467.3
				Yapeenian							Arenigian			468
				Castlemainian										468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian										470
				Bendigonian										471.8 *
				Lancefieldian										473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian						Ungurian	Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian						Ungurian	Tremadocian				482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10													Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
										Aksaian						490.7 *
										Sakian						492.2 *
															Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian	St Davids					497
		Guzhangian														499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan	504.5							Tuesaian
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Caerfai	509
			Toyonian								510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			525.5
		Fortunian			529
																	538.8