PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of England		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian					Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian							3
				Zanclean					Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean					Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian					Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian					Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian					Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian					Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian									Kekeamuan			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian							41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan					Bumbanian		47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
									Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian				Gashatan			56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian						Senonian	66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
									Mangaotanean							90.5
									Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Arowhanan							93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
									Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian				Motuan						Gallic	100.5
					Late Albian				Urutawan							103.3
					Middle Albian				Urutawan							106.2 *
					Middle Albian			Taitai	Korangan							108.4
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
					Late Aptian											117.5
					Early Aptian											119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Neocomian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian		139.8
				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian	Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				227
			Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian				Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian					Chhidru		254.14
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian					Amb		266.9
			Roadian							270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas				426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	Rootsikula			427.4
					Wych	Rootsikula	Woolhope		428.4 *
						Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
						Adavere			434 *
									436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
						Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian				443.8
			Katian			Bolindian				445.2
						Eastonian				449 *
						Gisbornian				452 *
			Sandbian			Gisbornian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian				458.4
			Dapingian			Yapeenian				467.3
			Dapingian			Castlemainian				468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian				470
						Bendigonian				471.8 *
						Lancefieldian				473.5 *
			Tremadocian			Lancefieldian				477.7
			Tremadocian			Warendian				482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635