PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene				2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian						Late Miocene				7.246
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene				11.63
				Langhian						Middle Miocene				13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene				15.98
				Aquitanian						Early Miocene				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene				37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene				41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene				56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian									113
				Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian	Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian									227
				Carnian	Julian									233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian									237
				Ladinian	Fassanian									239.7 *
				Anisian	Illyrian									242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian		300 *
			Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Lousuan		321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian		Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean		Shangsian		330.9
			Visean		Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadocian			Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian		Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan			Topazan			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
			Wuliuan			Delamaran						506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Waucoban †				509
									Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
						Dyeran			Toyonian			511 *
									Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3									514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
Atdabanian						Montezuman			515.6 *
Atdabanian						Begadean			519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400