PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of China		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan							3.6
								Montehermosan							3.7 *
								Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
								Chasicoan							7.9 *
								Mayoan							9.9 *
								Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian						Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian							15.98
								Santacrucian							16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican							56
								Itaboraian							56.9 *
								Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Bolindian	445.2
											Eastonian	449 *
											Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian									Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian							467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian							468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian							470
				Bendigonian							471.8 *
				Lancefieldian							473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian							477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian							482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean							Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian		Paibian									494
		Paibian		Paibian							Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian							Wangcunian †		497
		Drumian		Drumian							Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian									530.7
															538.8