PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian				Late Miocene						7.246
				Serravallian				Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian				Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian				Early Miocene						15.98
				Aquitanian				Early Miocene						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene						33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene						41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene						56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian									113
				Aptian	Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian					Kawhia	Ohauan			150
					Early Kimmeridgian						Ohauan			152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian						Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
				Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian									168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian									168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									174.7
					Late Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan			176
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Early Toarcian									182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Aratauran			188.9
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
Norian				Sevatian	Warepan		208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
Carnian				Tuvalian	Oretian		227
				Tuvalian	Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
				Julian					233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian					237
				Longobardian			Etalian		238
				Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian		246
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
				Smithian					248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian		249
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
				Griesbachian					251.4 *
				Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian				Flettian	Leine	264.28
			Wordian				Barettian	Leine	266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran			514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
									Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
									Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian		720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000
		Ectasian		1200
		Calymmian		1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian		1600
		Orosirian		1800
		Rhyacian		2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
														4600