PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian Subages	Silurian of the Baltic
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					100.5
			Middle Albian					106.2 *
			Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian					139.8
			Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
			Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian					251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian			Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
								443.8