PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene									33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian										Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Late Bajocian											Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian											Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian												180.1
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian	Sevatian												208.5
			Alaunian												213.2 *
			Lacian												216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian												227
		Carnian	Julian												233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian		300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian		Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
			Aseri						460.4 *
			Oeland					Kunda	462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
															538.8