PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Silurian of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian													Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Cenozoic 4		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Cenozoic 4		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Bartonian													Cenozoic 3		37.71
		Lutetian													Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Ypresian													Cenozoic 2		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Cenozoic 1		56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian														106.2 *
			Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian												Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
			Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
			Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras					168.2
			Late Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
			Early Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
												Planulata					179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
												Kanense					181.3 *
												Carlottense					182.3 *
			Early Toarcian									Carlottense					182.9 *
			Early Toarcian									Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Kunae			Jurassic 2		184.2
												Freboldi					185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
						189.2 *							Tetraspidoceras
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian					Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Griesbachian						251.4 *
			Griesbachian						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru	254.14
									Kalabagh	255 *
									Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
									Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian						Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian						Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian						Permian 1		293.52
		Asselian						Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5			298.9
											Xiaodushanian	300 *
										Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
												Stephanian B	300.9 *
												Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
												Cantabrian	305 *
				Dalaun							305.8 *
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4			307
										Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
				Huashibanian							Westphalian A	318.5 *
										Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
				Lousuan							Marsdenian	321.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian				Carboniferous 3			Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian							Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian				Warnantian		Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Jiusian				Warnantian		Brigantian †		335 *
								Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan		Ivorian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Hastarian	353.7 *				Carboniferous 1
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	Silurian 2			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Cayugan					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Niagaran					Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian				Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Medinan			Clinton							440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian											Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian											Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
										Zahorany †/Vinice					Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3							458.4
													Dobrotivian			458.5 *
													Oretanian			459.7 *
										Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian							Ordovician 2	Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian											Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian											Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian							Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan							Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1							529
																	538.8