PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America					Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian											Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian										Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian											Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian											Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian										Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian										Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian										Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian									Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian									Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian	Early Aptian									Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5		149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Jurassic 2		184.2
				Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									Jurassic 1		192.9
				Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									Jurassic 1		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										Triassic 4		201.4
				Norian	Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian	Tuvalian									Triassic 3		227
				Carnian	Julian									Triassic 3		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian		Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			298.9
								Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
									Cantabrian	305 *
								Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian		Carboniferous 4					307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
								Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
			Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	Shangsian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Warnantian		Brigantian †	Jiusian		335 *
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian		Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian						Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian	Ordovician 4		453
									Turinian			453.7 *
Whiterockian							Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
			Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
			Dapingian	Rangerian							469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean						Ordovician 1		477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian							Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan									Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											1000
		Ectasian											1200
		Calymmian											1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian											1600
		Orosirian											1800
		Rhyacian											2050
		Siderian											2300
Archean	Neoarchean												2500
	Mesoarchean												2800
	Paleoarchean												3200
	Eoarchean												3600
Hadean													4000
																4600